Leaders are people who do the right
thing; managers are people who do things right. – Professor Warren G. Bennis
Leadership is the art of getting
someone else to do something you want done because he wants to do it. –
Dwight D. Eisenhower
The word "leadership" can
bring to mind a variety of images. For example:
- A political leader, pursuing a passionate, personal
cause.
- An explorer, cutting a path through the jungle for the
rest of his group to follow.
- An executive, developing her company's strategy to beat
the competition.
Leaders help themselves and others
to do the right things. They set direction, build an inspiring vision, and
create something new. Leadership is about mapping out where you need to go to
"win" as a team or an organization; and it is dynamic, exciting, and
inspiring.
Yet, while leaders set the
direction, they must also use management skills to guide their people to the
right destination, in a smooth and efficient way.
In this article, we'll focus on the
process of leadership. In particular, we'll discuss the "transformational
leadership" model, first proposed by James MacGregor Burns and then
developed by Bernard Bass. This model highlights visionary thinking and
bringing about change, instead of management processes that are designed to
maintain and steadily improve current performance.
Leadership: A Definition
According to the idea of transformational leadership
,
an effective leader is a person who does the following:
- Creates an
inspiring vision of the future.
- Motivates
and inspires people to engage with that vision.
- Manages
delivery of the vision.
- Coaches
and builds a team, so that it is more effective at achieving the vision.
Leadership brings together the skills needed to do these things. We'll look
at each element in more detail.
1. Creating an Inspiring Vision of the
Future
In business, a vision is a realistic, convincing and attractive depiction of
where you want to be in the future. Vision provides direction, sets priorities,
and provides a marker, so that you can tell that you've achieved what you
wanted to achieve.
To create a vision, leaders focus on an organization's
strengths
by using tools such as Porter's Five
Forces
,
PEST Analysis
,
USP Analysis
,
Core Competence
Analysis
and
SWOT Analysis
to
analyze their current situation. They think about how their industry is likely
to evolve, and how their competitors are likely to behave. They look at how
they can innovate
successfully
,
and shape their businesses and their strategies to succeed in future
marketplaces. And they test their visions with appropriate market research, and
by assessing key risks using techniques such as Scenario Analysis
.
Therefore, leadership is proactive – problem solving, looking ahead, and not
being satisfied with things as they are.
Once they have developed their visions, leaders must make them compelling
and convincing. A compelling vision
is one that
people can
see, feel, understand, and
embrace.
Effective leaders provide a rich picture of what the future will look like when
their visions have been realized. They tell inspiring stories
, and explain their visions in ways that everyone can
relate to.
Here, leadership combines the analytical side of vision creation with the
passion of shared values, creating something really meaningful to the people
being led.
2. Motivating and Inspiring People
A compelling vision provides the foundation for leadership. But it's
leaders' ability to motivate and inspire people that helps them deliver that
vision.
For example, when you start a new project, you will probably have lots of
enthusiasm for it, so it's often easy to win support for the project at the
beginning. However, it can be difficult to find ways to keep your vision
inspiring after the initial enthusiasm fades, especially if the team or
organization needs to make significant changes in the way that they do things.
Leaders recognize this, and they work hard throughout the project to connect
their vision with people's individual needs, goals, and aspirations.
One of the key ways they do this is through
Expectancy Theory
. Effective leaders link
together two different expectations:
- The
expectation that hard work leads to good results.
- The
expectation that good results lead to attractive rewards or incentives.
This motivates people to work hard to achieve success, because they expect
to enjoy rewards – both intrinsic and extrinsic – as a result.
Other approaches include restating the vision in terms of the benefits it
will bring to the team's customers, and taking frequent opportunities to
communicate the vision in an attractive and engaging way.
What's particularly helpful here is where leaders have
expert
power
. People admire and believe
in these leaders because they are expert in what they do. They have
credibility, and they've earned the right to ask people to listen to them and
follow them. This makes it much easier for these leaders to motivate and
inspire the people they lead.
Leaders can also motivate and influence people through their natural
charisma and appeal, and through other
sources of power
, such as the power to pay
bonuses or assign tasks to people. However, good leaders don't rely too much on
these types of power to motivate and inspire others.
3. Managing Delivery of the Vision
This is the area of leadership that relates to management
.
Leaders must ensure that the work needed to deliver the vision is properly
managed – either by themselves, or by a dedicated manager or team of managers
to whom the leader delegates this responsibility – and they need to ensure that
their vision is delivered successfully.
Leaders also need to make sure they
manage change effectively. This helps to ensure that the changes
needed to deliver the vision are implemented smoothly and thoroughly, with the
support and backing of the people affected.
4. Coaching and Building a Team to Achieve
the Vision
Individual and team development are important activities carried out by
transformational leaders. To develop a team, leaders must first understand team
dynamics. Several well-established and popular models describe this, such as
Belbin's
Team Roles approach, and Bruce Tuckman's
Forming,
Storming, Norming, and Performing theory
.
A leader will then ensure that team members have the necessary skills and
abilities to do their job and achieve the vision. They do this by
giving
and receiving feedback regularly, and by
training
and coaching people to improve individual
and team performance.
Leadership also includes looking for
leadership potential in others. By developing leadership skills within your
team, you create an environment where you can continue success in the long
term. And that's a true measure of great leadership.